Agam 32 Chulika 02 Anuyogdwar Sutra Part 02 Sthanakvasi - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Agam 32 Chulika 02 Anuyogdwar Sutra Part 02 Sthanakvasi," based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Anuyogdwar Sutra (Part Two) Compiler: Arya Rakshit Sthavir Publisher: Padma Prakashan, Delhi Editors: Up-pravartak Shri Amar Muni (Editor-in-Chief), Shri Tarun Muni, Srichand Surana 'Saras' (Associate Editors) English Translator: Shri Surendra Bothara Illustrator: Dr. Shri Trilok Sharma

Overall Purpose and Context:

This volume is the second part of the illustrated publication of the Anuyogadvar Sutra, a foundational Jain scripture. The project aims to make the Jain Agams accessible to a wider audience by providing original texts with Hindi and English translations, elaborate explanations, and colorful illustrations. The Anuyogadvar Sutra, in particular, is identified as a "Mool Sutra" (root scripture) that focuses on the methodology of interpreting scriptures, explaining concepts like Upakram, Nikshep, Anugam, and Naya. It is considered crucial for understanding the profound meaning and logic behind Jain philosophical discussions, especially the principles of Anekantavada (non-absolutism) and the importance of Naya and Nikshep.

Key Content Areas Covered in this Part (Based on the Table of Contents and text excerpts):

The summary highlights that this second part of the Anuyogadvar Sutra delves into deeper and more technical aspects of Jain philosophy and practice. The content can be broadly categorized as follows:

Das Naam (Ten Names/Categories of Naming): This section meticulously explains ten ways in which something can be named or identified. These include:
- Gauna Naam (Attributive Name): Names derived from qualities or actions (e.g., Kshaman from forgiveness).
- No Gauna Naam (Non-Attributive Name): Names that don't directly stem from the inherent qualities of the object (e.g., calling a bird 'sakunt' even if it doesn't have a 'kunt' or spear).
- Adanapadena Naam (Name Derived from Initial Phrase): Names taken from the beginning words of a scripture or chapter.
- Pratipaksha Padena Naam (Antonymous Name): Names that are opposite in meaning to the actual quality (e.g., calling something 'shiva' which is inauspicious in that context).
- Pradhana Padena Naam (Name Based on Salient Features): Names derived from the predominant characteristic of a place or thing (e.g., Ashoka-vana from the abundance of Ashoka trees).
- Anadisiddhantena Naam (Name Conforming to Eternality): Names of fundamental entities that are considered timeless and eternal in Jain philosophy (e.g., Dharmastikaya).
- Namna Naam (Name Derived from a Name): Names passed down from ancestors.
- Avayavena Naam (Name Derived from a Component): Names derived from a part of the whole (e.g., Shringi from horns).
- Samyogena Naam (Name Derived from Association): Names derived from association with substances, places, time, or attitudes. This is further divided into:
  - Dravya Samyoga Naam: Association with living (Sachitt), non-living (Achitt), or mixed substances.
  - Kshetra Samyoga Naam: Association with geographical areas (e.g., Bharat Kshetra).
  - Kaal Samyoga Naam: Association with time periods or seasons (e.g., Sukham-sukham epoch, seasons).
  - Bhaava Samyoga Naam: Association with mental attitudes (e.g., Jnani from knowledge, Krodhi from anger).
- Pramena Naam (Authenticated or Validated Name): Names that are validated through Pramanas (means of knowledge). This includes:
  - Naam Pramana: The name itself serves as validation.
  - Sthapana Pramana: Notional installation serves as validation.
  - Dravya Pramana: Physical aspect of the entity serves as validation.
  - Bhaava Pramana: Essence or perfect state serves as validation.
Pramana Prakaran (Discussion on Validation/Measurement): This extensive section details various forms of measurement and validation crucial for understanding Jain cosmology and principles. It covers:
- Dravya Pramana (Measurement of Substance): Discusses measurements based on space-points (Pradesh Nishpanna) and divisions (Vibhag Nishpanna). It outlines units for grains (Dhaanya Maan Pramana), liquids (Rasa Maan Pramana), weight (Unmaan Pramana), linear measurements (Avamaan Pramana), numerical counts (Ganim Pramana), and precious materials (Pratimaan Pramana).
- Kshetra Pramana (Measurement of Area): Details measurements based on space-points (Pradesh Nishpanna) and divisions (Vibhag Nishpanna), including units like Angul (finger-width), Vitasti (span), Ratni (cubit), etc., and their relation to larger units like Gavyut and Yojan.
- Kaal Pramana (Measurement of Time): Explains various units of time from Samaya (ultimate fractional unit) to Avalika, Muhurt, days, months, years, and extends to vast metaphorical time units like Palyopam and Sagaropam, and eventually Pudgal Paravartan.
- Aayusthiti Prakaran (Discussion on Life-span): Provides detailed lifespan durations for beings across different realms: infernal beings (Naraka), mansion-dwelling gods (Bhavanpati), celestial beings (Vaimanik), beings of intermediate realms (Vanavyantar, Jyotishk), plant-bodied beings (Vanaspatikayik), two-sensed (Dvi-indriya), three-sensed (Tri-indriya), four-sensed (Chatur-indriya), and five-sensed (Panchen-driya) animals (aquatic, terrestrial, aerial, reptilian), and finally human beings. It distinguishes between minimum (Jaghanya) and maximum (Utkrisht) lifespans, and also considers the impact of development (Paryapt) and non-development (Aparyapt).
- Sharira Prakaran (Discussion on Bodies): Describes the five types of bodies in Jainism: Audarik (gross physical), Vaikriya (transmutable), Aharak (telemigratory), Taijas (fiery), and Karman (karmic). It discusses their existence across different life forms, including their baddh (bound with soul) and mukta (abandoned by soul) states and their numerical quantification.
Naya Prakaran (Discussion on Viewpoints): This section is crucial for understanding Jain epistemological principles.
- Definition of Naya: Explains the seven fundamental Nayas (viewpoints): Naigam, Samgraha, Vyavahara, Rijusutra, Shabda, Samabhirudha, and Evambhuta.
- Illustrative Examples: Uses the examples of Prasthak (a measuring pot), Vasati (abode), and Pradesh (space-point) to illustrate how each Naya interprets reality differently based on its specific focus (general, specific, conventional, literal, etc.).
- Elaboration on Differences: Details the distinctions between these Nayas, highlighting how they approach commonalities, differences, and the actual existence of entities.
Sankhya Prakaran (Discussion on Number/Counting): This section explores the Jain concept of numbers, particularly in its vast and often incomprehensible scales.
- Eight Types of Samkhya: Lists eight ways numbers are understood: Naam (name), Sthapana (notional installation), Dravya (physical), Aupamya (metaphorical), Pariman (measure), Jnana (knowledge), Ganana (counting), and Bhava (essence).
- Categories of Numbers: Delves into the classifications of countable (Samkhyat), innumerable (Asamkhyat), and infinite (Anant), detailing their sub-categories (e.g., innumerable has Parit, Yukt, Asamkhyat-Asamkhyat). It also provides examples and illustrates the immense scales involved.
Vaktavyata Prakaran (Discussion on Explication): This section clarifies the different ways in which a doctrine or concept can be explained.
- Three Types of Vaktavyata: Svasamaya (one's own doctrine), Parasamaya (doctrine of others), and Svasamaya-Parasamaya (doctrines of both self and others).
- Naya Perspectives on Vaktavyata: Explains how different Nayas interpret these categories of explication.
Arthadhikar Pad (Synopses of Chapters): Briefly touches upon the main theme or synopsis of various chapters within Jain scriptures, citing examples from the Avashyak Sutra.
Samavatar Pad (Assimilation): Explains the concept of assimilation or inclusion, classifying it into six types: Naam, Sthapana, Dravya, Kshetra, Kaal, and Bhaava Samavatar. It further elaborates on these, especially how they relate to the soul's state and interactions with the external world.
Nikshep Dvar (Approach of Attribution): This section further details the concept of Nikshep, categorizing it into Ogha-nishpanna (general nomenclature), Naam-nishpanna (specific nomenclature), and Sutralapak-nishpanna (textual recitation-based attribution). It then further breaks down these categories with examples.
Agam Pramana (Scriptural Knowledge as Validation): Discusses Agam as a source of valid knowledge, distinguishing between Laukik (mundane) and Lokottar (spiritual) Agam. It elaborates on the different ways scriptural knowledge is acquired and transmitted: Atmagam (self-acquired), Anantaragam (immediate succession), and Paramparagam (through lineage).

Key Features Highlighted:

Comprehensive Translation and Elaboration: The book provides detailed explanations in both Hindi and English, aiming for clarity and accessibility.
Illustrations: The inclusion of colorful illustrations is a significant feature, making abstract concepts more tangible and understandable.
Scholarly Contributions: The text acknowledges the valuable contributions of various Jain scholars and monks in its compilation, translation, and editing.
Emphasis on Interpretation Methodology: The Anuyogadvar Sutra's core purpose of explaining interpretive principles (like Naya and Nikshep) is evident throughout the text.
Extensive Detail on Measurement and Time: The volume provides detailed information on ancient Indian systems of measurement for substance, area, and time, offering valuable historical and cultural insights.
Complex Philosophical Concepts: It tackles profound Jain philosophical concepts such as the nature of soul, karmas, and the various types of knowledge (Jnana and Darshan).
Life-span and Body Types: It meticulously outlines the lifespans of beings across different realms and discusses the five types of bodies according to Jain cosmology.

In essence, this volume of the Anuyogadvar Sutra serves as a detailed exposition of key Jain philosophical concepts, interpretive methods, cosmological details, and spiritual practices, making it an invaluable resource for understanding the depth and breadth of Jain teachings.